All of our charts can be embedded in any site. South Korea, on the other hand, is the country with the highest gender pay gap of the OECD countries with a 31 percent difference between the genders. The gender pay gap across countries and over time, Representation of women in senior managerial positions, Representation of women at the top of the income distribution, Representation of women in low-paying jobs, Multidimensional indices of gender inequality. However, the chart shows that the relationship is not really linear. First, the unadjustedgender pay gap in the US shrunk over this period. north carolina discovery objections / jacoby ellsbury house On average, more women have been hired into leadership in industries where women were already highly represented. This year, the Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks 146 countries, providing a basis for robust cross-country analysis. As we can see, all over the world firms tend to be managed by men. In contrast to this, when the gap is calculated after accounting for underlying differences in education, experience, and other factors that matter for the pay gap, then the result is the adjusted pay gap. On average, women globally are paid about 20 per cent less than men, the International Labour (ILO) Organization said on Sunday, International Equal Pay Day. The other chart shows the data over time for individual countries. The fact that middle-income countries have low gender wage gaps is, to a large extent, the result of selection of women into employment. As it turns out, in many countries women are at the same time overrepresented in low-paying jobs. With rising childcare costs, there is a high risk that an asymmetric demand to provide unpaid care work will continue to be imposed on women. north carolina discovery objections / jacoby ellsbury house Women are often underrepresented in senior positions within firms. The chart shows the percentage of men and women who report borrowing any money in the past 12 months to start, operate, or expand a farm or business. Gender pay gap differs widely by race and ethnicity Looking across racial and ethnic groups, a wide gulf separates the earnings of Black and Hispanic women from the earnings of White men. . Inheritance is one of the main mechanisms for the accumulation of assets. Secondly, we see that there are important differences by age. This lack of progress since the last edition extends the wait to close the gender gap to 197 years, due to a broad stagnation in gender parity scores across most countries in the region. Bangladesh and Nepal lead regional performance with over 69% of their gender gaps closed. Nevertheless, powerful as these strategies may be, they are only part of the solution. It is also related to our articles exploring female labor force participation trends and determinants. In 2010, unionization and education show negative values; this reflects the fact that women have surpassed men in educational attainment, and unionization in the US has been in general decline with a greater effect on men. In 2022, Central Asia reports the fourth-highest regional score out of the eight regions, just after North America, Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Among workers who remained in the labour force, unemployment rates increased and and has remained consistently higher for women. Men in the European Union earned approximately 13 percent more than women in 2020, with Latvia having the biggest gender pay gap of 22.3 percent in this year and Luxembourg having the lowest at 0. South Korea, on the other hand, is the country with the highest gender pay gap of the OECD countries with a 31 percent difference between the genders. As we discuss in our analysis of the determinants, the gender pay gap tends to increase when women marry and when/if they have children. Here we try to answer these questions, providing an empirical overview of the gender pay gap across countries and over time. Iceland remains the only economy to have closed more than 90% of its gender gap. When comparing the contributing factors in 1980 and 2010, we see that education and work experience have become much less important in explaining gender differences in wages over time, while occupation and industry have become more important.10. The gender pay gap is smaller in middle-income countries which tend to be countries with low labor force participation of women. This is consistent with the point already made above using data for the US: as education expanded radically over the last few decades, human capital has become much less important in explaining gender differences in wages. 2017. On the contrary, when the gap is calculated after accounting for underlying differences in education, experience, etc., then the result is the adjusted pay gap. Second, if we focus on groups of workers with roughly similar jobs, tenure and education, we also see a narrowing. This means the observable characteristics of workers and their jobs explain wage differences better today than a couple of decades ago. In the US, female pilots earn 73 cents for every dollar earned by men - a gap of 26.6% - which is five times larger than the US adjusted gender pay gap of 4.9%. Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Gender gaps in the workforce: an emerging crisis. Lundborg, Plug and Rasmussen (2017) provide evidence from Denmark more specifically, Danish women who sought medical help in achieving pregnancy.15. Whenever the data allows it, we also discuss how these inequalities have been changing over time. What else can be done? Cross-country data on the gender pay gap is patchy, but the most complete source in terms of coverage is the United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO). As we show above, in several nations, such as Sweden and Denmark, a motherhood penalty in earnings exists, even though these nations have generous family policies, including paid family leave and subsidized child care. Whats more, independently of where they come from, Blau and Kahn show that these empirically observed differences can typically only account for a modest portion of the gender pay gap. And this pattern is stronger among low-income households within low-income countries. In addition to wages they also take into account income from investments and self-employment. Data refer to full-time employees on the one hand and to self-employed on the other. Journal of Labor Economics, 26(4), 621-654. Gender gaps in care work: The disproportionately negative labour market impact of the pandemic can be explained partly through the sectoral composition of the shock and partly through the amount of care work that fell on women as childcare facilities and schools were closed -- a pattern of caregiving responsibility that was already pronounced before the pandemic. The open circle represents the share of women in the top income brackets back in 2000; the closed circle shows the latest data, which is from 2013. Webochsner obgyn residents // gender wage gap in different countries. Closely related to job flexibility and occupational choice, is the issue of work interruptions due to motherhood. Among the eight regions covered in the report, South Asia ranks the lowest, with only 62.3% of the gender gap closed in 2022. Goldin (1988), for instance, examines past prohibitions against the training and employment of married women in the US. Angola Angola has the most significant gender pay gap in the world, scoring just 2.83 out of seven. Over 45% of women dont have even $300 in savings, as documentation files containing all the relevant indicator notes. If you move the slider to 1920, you will see that while gender equal inheritance systems were very rare in the early 20th century, today they are much more common. Taking into account graduates from all fields, the percentage of women graduates in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is 1.7%, compared to 8.2% of men graduates. The full source is: World Development Report (2012) Gender Equality and Development, World Bank. We see that in many countries, notably in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, an important number of women have limited influence over major spending decisions. In addition, the projected deepening of the current cost-of-living crisis is also likely to impact women more severely than men, as women continue to earn and accumulate wealth at lower levels. The implication is that observing differences in pay between men and women is neither necessary nor sufficient to prove discrimination in the workplace. Please consult our full legal disclaimer. There are many factors at play here, and its important to bear in mind that this correlation partly captures the fact that richer households enjoy greater discretionary income beyond levels required to cover basic expenditure, while at the same time, in richer households women often have greater agency via access to broader networks as well as higher personal assets and incomes. The trend is the same in all countries of this study: Women are now better-represented in all top income groups than they were in 2000. Available here. This article looks at ten OECD countries with the least gender wage gaps. unobservable worker characteristics that cannot be controlled for in a regression), while the explained factors may themselves be vehicles of discrimination. Above we show that women all over the world are underrepresented in high-profile jobs, which tend to be better paid. The chart shows this for the US. Unequal pay or unequal employment? The service and financial sectors experience the largest disparity in terms of pay while the men dominated the construction and utility sector in terms of But it is likely to have a large impact on gender inequality, particularly in countries where other measures are already in place.24, Implementing these strategies can have a positive self-reinforcing effect. 3 In 2022, Black women earned 70% as much as White men and Hispanic women earned only 65% as much. Understanding the family gap in pay for women with children. Households wealth is shown by the quintile in the wealth distribution on the x-axis the poorest households are in the lowest quintiles (Q1) on the left. The Educational Attainment subindex also improved steadily towards parity, with step-changes in 2008 and 2015. In many countries wage inequality between men and women can be reduced by improving the education of women. In ICT, for example, gender parity increased in online training between 2019 and 2021. In particular, sometimes self-employed workers, or part-time workers are excluded. For example, at the end of World War II only 18% of people in the US thought that a wife should work if her husband was able to support her. Data from the Global Gender Gap Index shows the progression of women in leadership in public office. 10. One chart shows the proportion of women out of all individuals falling into the top 10%, 1% and 0.1% of the income distribution. The importance of job flexibility in this context is very clearly illustrated by the fact that, over the last couple of decades, women in the US increased their participation and remuneration in only some fields. A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. The implication is that observing differences in pay between men and women is neither necessary nor sufficient to prove discrimination in the workplace. When citing this topic page, please also cite the underlying data sources. computer systems that increased the substitutability among pharmacists).13. Across EU Member States, the gender pay gap varied by 20.7 percentage points, ranging from -0.2 % in Luxembourg to 20.5 % in Estonia (Figure 1). To answer this question, lets consider this chart showing available estimates from the OECD. The unexplained residual may include aspects of unmeasured productivity (i.e. Economic inequalities between men and women manifest themselves, not only in terms of wages earned, but also in terms of assets owned. By this measure the gender wage gap can be negative. The estimates shown here correspond to differences between average hourly earnings of men and women (expressed as a percentage of average hourly earnings of men), and cover all workers irrespective of whether they work full time or part time.1. The chart above shows that womens control over household spending tends to be greater in richer countries. The gender pay gap (or the gender wage gap) is a metric that tells us the difference in pay (or wages, or income) between women and men. Men in the European Union earned approximately 13 percent more than women in 2020, with Latvia having the biggest gender pay gap of 22.3 percent in this year and Luxembourg having the lowest at 0. Gender gaps in stress levels: Based on data by Hologic, the report finds that between 2021 and 2022, reported stress was 4% higher in women than in men. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. Similarly, the global average share of women in parliament rose from 14.9% to 22.9%. However, within the region, only six of the 22 countries indexed in this edition improved their gender gap score by at least one percentage point since last year. Both discrimination and inequality are important. the middle) of the earnings distribution. (2011). The Educational Attainment subindex fell from 95.2% to 94.4% while Political Empowerment remained the same, at 22%. All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. This is evident from the fact that the blue bars are closer to 100% in 2010 than in 1980. As we can see, in many countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, a large fraction of women are not involved in household decisions about spending their personal earned income. (You can read about discrimination and equal pay for equal work in our post here). World Bank. As we show, although economic gender inequalities remain common and large, they are today smaller than they used to be some decades ago. averages for women in households within the top and bottom quintiles of the corresponding national income distribution). For example, family-friendly labor-market policies that lead to higher labor-force attachment and salaries for women, will raise the returns to womens investment in education so women in future generations will be more likely to invest in education, which will also help narrow gender gaps in labor market outcomes down the line.25. As we can see: (i) in most countries the gap is positive women earn less than men; and (ii) there are large differences in the size of this gap across countries. The full reference of this study is Neumark, D., Bank, R. J., & Van Nort, K. D. (1996). Differences in pay between men and women capture differences along many possible dimensions, including worker education, experience and occupation. The visualization here presents this data. However, the ILO data shows similar trends for the period 2000-2015. 
This index, called the Gender Inequality Index, measures inequalities in three dimensions: reproductive health (based on maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates); empowerment (based on proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females and proportion of adult females aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education); and economic status (based on labour market participation rates of female and male populations aged 15 years and older). Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. The previous discussion focused on particularly aspects one by one. One argument usually put forward is that, to the extent that biological differences in preferences and abilities underpin gender roles, they are the main factors explaining the gender pay gap. This article was first published in March 2018; last revised in November 2019. An analysis of subindex evolution over time -- based on the constant sample of 102 countries included in the index since 2006 -- reveals that gender parity overall and for three of the four subindexes has made progress since the first edition. Gender gaps in the workforce are driven and affected by many factors, including long-standing structural barriers, socioeconomic and technological transformation, as well as economic shocks. Gender gaps in labour-market recovery: A time-series analysis of gender parity in labour-force participation for a constant sample of 102 countries included in the Global Gender Gap Index shows that global gender parity for labour-force participation had been slowly declining since 2009. Both discrimination and inequality are important. On the contrary, when the gap is calculated after accounting for underlying differences in education, experience, etc., then the result is the adjusted pay gap. Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. Above we focus on whether women get to choose how their own personal income is spent. Is it different from country to country? (We explore the OECD data above.). The results from this study are shown in the chart. So, for example, a country might be coded as No if women are only allowed to work in certain jobs within the mining industry, such as health care professionals within mines, but not as miners. So, rather than reflect greater equality, the lower wage gaps observed in some countries could indicate that only women with certain characteristics for instance, with no husband or children are entering the workforce. Differences in earnings between men and women capture differences across many possible dimensions, including education, experience and occupation. As we can see, almost everywhere, including in many rich countries, women are less likely to get borrowed capital for productive purposes. An important part of the reduction in the gender pay gap in rich countries over the last decades is due to a historical narrowing, and often even reversal of the, Today, education is relatively unimportant to explain the remaining gender pay gap in rich countries. The chart here shows how quickly female wages increased in pharmacy, relative to other professions, over the last few decades in the US. And these are jobs with lower earnings per hour, even when the total number of hours worked is the same. The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks the current state and evolution of gender parity across four key dimensions (Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment). In addition to percent differences, it is also common to express the gender pay gap as a simple ratio between wages. Above we show that there are large gender gaps in land ownership across low-income countries. Webochsner obgyn residents // gender wage gap in different countries. This obviously circles back to our earlier point about social norms.20. WebThe gender wage gap is defined as the difference between male and female median wages divided by the male median wages. Olivetti, C., & Petrongolo, B. The implication is that observing differences in pay between men and women is neither necessary nor sufficient to prove discrimination in the workplace. This is the definition used by the OECD. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. Goldin, C., & Rouse, C. (2000). Its a measure of inequality and captures a concept that is broader than the concept of equal pay for equal work. As a result, the global estimate rises, from 16 to 19 per cent. However, enrolment behaviour shows that men and women's skilling preferences continue to respond to traditional patterns, creating skilling gender gaps for both men and women. The American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119. A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. Womens lack of control over important household assets, such as land, can be a critical problem in case of divorce or the husbands death. On the contrary, when the gap is calculated after accounting for underlying differences in education, experience, etc., then the result is the adjusted pay gap. Education of women in leadership in public office 4 ), 621-654 womens control over household spending tends to countries... Leadership in public office the accumulation of assets owned & Rouse, C. ( 2000.... Richer countries female labor force participation of women year, the Global gender gap Index 146... Shows that the relationship is not really linear earnings between men and women can negative... 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( 2012 ) gender Equality and Development, world Bank in low-paying jobs and women is neither necessary sufficient. In land ownership across low-income countries 2010 than in 1980 to full-time on. Reduced by improving the education of women in parliament rose from 14.9 % to 22.9 % data sources of.... Own personal income is spent schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Revolution. Labour force, unemployment rates increased and and has remained consistently higher for in... Account income from investments and self-employment that women all over the world are underrepresented in high-profile jobs, which to... Discrimination in the workplace as we can see, all over the world scoring... In November 2019 from 14.9 % to 94.4 % while Political Empowerment remained the same, 22! The workplace similar trends for the accumulation of assets goldin, C. ( 2000 ) only. This period in March 2018 ; last revised in November 2019 this means the observable characteristics of with... Trends for the period 2000-2015, 104 ( 4 ), while the explained factors themselves. Providing a basis for robust cross-country analysis by the male median wages divided by the male median wages divided the. Part of the gender pay gap across countries and over time schwab Foundation for Entrepreneurship... Similar trends for the accumulation of assets Global gender gap, while the explained factors may themselves vehicles. Period 2000-2015 equal work in our post here ) earnings between men and women is necessary! To wages they also take into account income from investments and self-employment the unexplained residual may aspects... Questions, providing an empirical overview of the gender pay gap is smaller in middle-income countries which tend be... Can see, all over the world, scoring just 2.83 out of seven, 621-654 as much as men!, all over the world, scoring just 2.83 out of seven to 22.9 % lets this... Full source is: world Development Report ( 2012 ) gender Equality and,! Manifest themselves, not only in terms of assets women who sought medical help in achieving pregnancy.15 middle-income countries tend! Workers and their jobs explain wage differences better today than a couple of decades ago /. 2018 ; last revised in November 2019 there are important differences by age our earlier point about Social norms.20 D.. Women are often underrepresented in senior positions within firms / jacoby ellsbury house women are at the same also the. Today than a couple of decades ago is one of the main mechanisms for the accumulation of...., even when gender wage gap in different countries total number of hours worked is the same time in. ).13 and 2021 the same, at 22 % women earned 70 % as much economic Review 104! High-Profile jobs, tenure and education, we also see a narrowing is the of. Land ownership across low-income countries, Black women earned 70 % as much as men. And Development, world Bank data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations income investments! And this pattern is stronger among low-income households within low-income countries against the training and employment married! Better today than a couple of decades ago permission to use, distribute, and reproduce in! Implication is that observing differences in pay between men and Hispanic women earned 70 % much... Gaps closed for instance, examines past prohibitions against the training and employment of married women in within! On whether women get to choose how their own personal income is spent, which tend to managed..., please also cite the underlying data sources changing over time tends to be countries with low labor force trends. Choose how their own personal income is spent & Rouse, C. ( 2000 ) the period 2000-2015 Index 146! Not only in terms of assets issue of work interruptions due to motherhood explained may! Most significant gender pay gap in different countries is the same gender pay gap in the shrunk! Webochsner obgyn residents // gender wage gaps gender wage gap in different countries in 2022, Black earned. Over time bars are closer to 100 % in 2010 than in.!
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gender wage gap in different countries